Surrogate process creation technique for high process-per-server scenarios

ABSTRACT

A system and method for launching parallel processes on a server configured to process a number of parallel processes. A request is received from a parallel application to start a number of parallel processes. In response to this request a launcher creates a surrogate. The surrogate inherits communications channels from the launcher. The surrogate then executes activities related to the launch of the parallel processes, and then launches the parallel processes. The parallel processes are launched and the surrogate is terminated.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to launching parallel processes for aparallel application, and more specifically launching parallel processesusing a surrogate.

Current process for launching parallel processes is to launch theprocesses in a serial manner. This approach creates significant overheadin the system and impacts the overall performance of the underlyingsystem. As the launch mechanism for launching the parallel processes hasmany responsibilities the resulting increase in the memory footprintcauses even more overhead to be placed on the system during processcreation.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a method forlaunching parallel processes on a server. A request is received from aparallel application to start a number of parallel processes. Inresponse to this request a launcher creates a surrogate. The surrogateinherits communications channels from the launcher. The surrogate thenexecutes activities related to the launch of the parallel processes, andthen launches the parallel processes. The parallel processes arelaunched and the surrogate is terminated.

Embodiment of the present disclosure are directed to a system forlaunching parallel processes on a server configured to process a numberof parallel processes. The system includes a parallel applicationconfigured to request a number of parallel processes, and a launcherconfigured to create a surrogate. The launcher is further configured tocoordinate with other system services, provide runtime information topeer process, and make resource allocations to processes. The surrogateis configured to launch the number of parallel processes without furtherinvolvement of the launcher.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings included in the present application are incorporated into,and form part of, the specification. They illustrate embodiments of thepresent disclosure and, along with the description, serve to explain theprinciples of the disclosure. The drawings are only illustrative ofcertain embodiments and do not limit the disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for launching a numberof unique cooperating processes on a server at the same time accordingto embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for efficientlylaunching parallel processes using a surrogate while leaving a launcherfree to perform other tasks according to embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a computing system according toone embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of an illustrative cloudcomputing environment.

FIG. 5 illustrates a set of functional abstraction layers provided bycloud computing environment according to one illustrative embodiment.

While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternativeforms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in thedrawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood,however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to theparticular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is tocover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling withinthe spirit and scope of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Aspects of the present disclosure relates to launching parallelprocesses for a parallel application, and more specifically launchingparallel processes using a surrogate. While the present disclosure isnot necessarily limited to such applications, various aspects of thedisclosure may be appreciated through a discussion of various examplesusing this context.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for launching a numberof unique cooperating processes on a server at the same time. Systemincludes a parallel application 110, a server 120, a launcher 130, aparent process 140, and a surrogate 150.

Parallel application 110 is an application that divides a large taskinto a number of smaller processes that execute at or near the sametime. Each of these smaller processes are referred to as parallel orchild processes 160 160-1, 160-2, 160-3, . . . 160-N (collectively 160).The computational task of the parallel application 110 as represented bythe parallel processes 160 are executed independently of each other andthe results of their completion are then combined to generate a finalresult. However, in some embodiments the parallel processes cancommunicate with other parallel processes to share data and/orcoordinate their actions. The parallel application 110 can implementbit-level parallelism, instruction level parallelism, task parallelism,or superword level parallelism.

The server 120 is a component of the system that processes requests fromthe parallel application 110. The server 120 contains a large number ofexecution units. These execution units are often organized into sockets,cores, and hardware threads. The parallel application 110 using one ormore servers can decide to place one process (or thread) per thesmallest execution unit to drive the maximum amount of performance fromthe server for their application.

The launcher 130 is a parallel application 110 launch mechanism that isresponsible for starting all of the processes in the parallelapplication 110 at the same time on the set of servers assigned to theapplication. The launcher 130 directs the creation of the processes,sets up the environment for the processes, registers them with systemmonitoring services, maps those processes to the execution units, andbinds server resources to each process. The launcher 130 further routesstandard input and output for each process to a central location.However, other locations can be used. This approach to launching theprocesses is overhead in the system. The launcher 130 is furtherconfigured to minimize this overhead to increase system utilization. Thelauncher 130 can exist on the server that the processes are launched onor can be located on different server.

In Linux, a single process is created by using the fork( ) function callthat logically duplicates the memory of the parent process 140 into thechild process 160. This operation does not actually copy the memory ofthe parent process 140 but instead makes a copy of the parent process140's page table and uses a copy-on-write mechanism to improve theefficiency of fork( ) before a later exec( ) call in the child process160. The fork( ) system call is serialized in the kernel when creatingthe child process 160 with overhead in relation to the memory footprintof the parent process 140. The overhead of the copy-on-write mechanismis in relation to the degree to which the parent and child process 160change memory pages while linked this way. If the copy-on-writemechanism is not in place then the fork overhead can cause considerablelimitations on the functionality of the system.

The launcher 130 implements an efficient mechanism to start N unique,cooperating processes on a server 120 at the same time. The launcher 130in addition to creating the processes is tasked with coordinating withother system services, providing runtime information to peer and childprocesses 160, and allocating resources on the server 120. Otheradditional tasks can also be given to the launcher 130. Given the numberof additional tasks that are placed on the launcher 130, the launcher130 has a moderate and often changing memory footprint that causesadditional process creation overhead in the fork( ) system call.Parallel applications placing a large number of processes-per-serverincur high overheads associated with process creation because of thesefactors.

The parent process 140 is a process that is created by the launcher 130.The launcher 130 is commonly the parent process 140 for the fork( )system call. If the launcher 130 resides on a different server then itwill create a delegate launcher parent process 140 on the designedserver. The parent process 140 is configured to create communicationchannels (e.g., pipe file descriptors) for each of the N child processes160. The parent process 140 is further configured to establish for eachof the child processes 160 any system resources that are required to beestablished for the initial fork( ) call.

The surrogate 150 is a component of the system that is configured toperform the process of creating the child processes 160. The surrogate150 is created by the parent process 140 when the initial fork iscalled. The surrogate 150 inherits all of the communications channelsfor each child process 160 from the parent process 140, and passes thesechannels to the child as the child is created by the surrogate 150. Thesurrogate 150 also relays commands from the launcher 130 and parentprocess 140 to each child process 160. In some embodiments the surrogate150 monitors each child process 160 during the execution of the childprocess 160 and notifies the launcher 130 and/or parent process 140 ofthe completion of the child processes 160. In some embodiments thesurrogate 150 terminates itself once all of the child processes 160 havebeen launched. In this embodiment, the child processes 160 are leftwithout a parent (orphaned) and then must be reparented to either thelauncher 130 or the parent process 140. Similar to the launcher 130, thesurrogate 150 can be created on the server that the processes arelaunched on or can be located on different server. The launcher 130 andthe surrogate 150 can be on different servers.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a process 200 for efficientlylaunching parallel processes using a surrogate 150 while leaving alauncher 130 free to perform other tasks.

The process begins when the launcher 130 receives a request from theparallel application 110 to start a number of processes on a server 120.This is illustrated at step 210. The number of processes that arerequested can be any number of processes N. In some embodiments, therequest is for a specific server. However, the request can be a generalrequest for the application to start on a server or any set of servers.In this embodiment, the launcher 130 can choose a particular server tohost the application. The launcher 130 can select the server based onexpected performance of the server, the number of processes alreadyexecuting on the server, or any other metric that is available to thelauncher 130.

The launcher 130 implements the surrogate 150 of the present disclosurefor all launches of the process requested. However, in some embodiments,the launcher 130 can decide to implement the surrogate 150 on some, butnot all of the processes requested. In some embodiments, the launcher130 can implement the surrogate 150 on a number of processes that exceeda predetermined threshold number of processes for N number of processesrequested. That is, for example, the request was for 400 processes andthe threshold number of processes is 200, then the launcher 130 woulduse the surrogate 150 for 200 instances of the process while launchingnormally the remaining 200 instances of the process. In someembodiments, the launcher 130 can decide to use multiple surrogate 150processes each responsible for a portion of the child process launches.

The launcher 130 creates a parent process 140 prior to creating thesurrogate 150. This is illustrated at step 220. The parent process 140creates a communication channel set (e.g., pipe file descriptors) foreach of the N child processes 160 resulting in N communicationschannels. The parent process 140 also establishes for the childprocesses 160 any system resources that are required to be establishedfor the first fork( ) call.

The launcher 130 also creates a communication channel (e.g., a pipe filedescriptor) dedicated to launcher-to-surrogate 150 communication. Thisis illustrated at step 230.

The parent process 140 then creates the surrogate 150. This isillustrated at step 240. In some embodiments, the parent process 140creates the surrogate 150 by calling the primary fork( ). The surrogate150 calls exec( ) on a dedicated surrogate 150 binary for the surrogate150 activity. The surrogate 150 is configured to minimize the activitynecessary to be completed between the fork( ) call and surrogate 150exec( ) call.

Once the surrogate 150 has been created, the surrogate 150 inheritscommunications channels from the launcher 130 and parent process 140.This is illustrated at step 250. At this step, the surrogate 150inherits the N communication channel sets for the children and thelauncher-to-surrogate 150 communication channel 155 across the fork( )and exec( ) calls.

The launcher 130 provides additional information to the surrogate 150.This is illustrated at step 260. The launcher 130 uses thelauncher-to-surrogate 150 communication channel 155 to instruct thesurrogate 150 which of the N communication channels go to which childprocess 160 that will be created by the surrogate 150. Additionally, thelauncher 130 can inform the surrogate 150 of general activities (e.g.,environment variables, interactions with system services, etc.) thatapply to all processes before the fork( ) call and after the exec( )call, and per-process specific activities (e.g., environment variables,binding, synchronization requirements with the launcher 130 parentbefore the exec( ) call) that apply to specific processes.

The surrogate 150 performs the general activities designated to beperformed before the fork( ) call. This is illustrated at step 270. Thesurrogate 150 then launches each of the N processes in quick succession.This is illustrated at step 280. In each child process 160, after thefork( ) call but before the exec( ) call the N−1 communication channelsnot intended for this child process 160 are closed and the onecommunication channel dedicated to this child is connected directly tothe launcher 130. If the launcher 130 is required to take action perchild process 160 after the fork( ) call but before the exec( ) call thelauncher 130 can coordinate that activity through the surrogate 150.However, in some embodiments the launcher 130 can take the action on itsown by using the communication channel with that one child process 160directly without involving the surrogate 150.

Once the child processes 160 are launched, they are allowed to proceedto execute. This is illustrated at step 290. In some embodiments, if asynchronized execution is desired, the surrogate 150 then only allowsthe child processes 160 to execute once all child processes 160 havereached the synchronization point. In some embodiments, the childprocesses 160 can initiate the exec( ) call as soon as they are ready todo so. In this embodiment, the surrogate 150 uses thelauncher-to-surrogate 150 communication channel 155 to inform thelauncher 130 that the N children have been stared and their per-processidentifiers (PID) for tracking.

If the operating system allows for re-parenting of the child processes160 then the surrogate 150 transfers ownership/control of the N childrento the launcher 130 at the time of the execute call. After which thesurrogate 150 can terminate. However, if the operating system does notallow for re-parenting of the child processes 160 then the surrogate 150must persist until the last child has exited. The surrogate 150 uses thelauncher-to-surrogate 150 communication channel 155 to provide thelauncher 130 a protocol based channel to perform per child tracking(e.g., waitpid) and control (e.g., signaling) operations that are notpermitted by the operating system for indirectly connected processes.

Referring now to FIG. 3 , shown is a high-level block diagram of anexample computer system 301 that may be used in implementing one or moreof the methods, tools, and modules, and any related functions, describedherein (e.g., using one or more processor circuits or computerprocessors of the computer), such as the surrogate process for launchingparallel processes in accordance with embodiments of the presentdisclosure. In some embodiments, the major components of the computersystem 301 may comprise one or more CPUs 302, a memory subsystem 304, aterminal interface 312, a storage interface 316, an I/O (Input/Output)device interface 314, and a network interface 318, all of which may becommunicatively coupled, directly or indirectly, for inter-componentcommunication via a memory bus 303, an I/O bus 308, and an I/O businterface unit 310.

The computer system 301 may contain one or more general-purposeprogrammable central processing units (CPUs) 302A, 302B, 302C, and 302D,herein generically referred to as the CPU 302. In some embodiments, thecomputer system 301 may contain multiple processors typical of arelatively large system; however, in other embodiments the computersystem 301 may alternatively be a single CPU system. Each CPU 302 mayexecute instructions stored in the memory subsystem 304 and may includeone or more levels of on-board cache.

System memory 304 may include computer system readable media in the formof volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 322 or cachememory 324. Computer system 301 may further include otherremovable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storagemedia. By way of example only, storage system 326 can be provided forreading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magneticmedia, such as a “hard drive.” Although not shown, a magnetic disk drivefor reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk(e.g., a “floppy disk”), or an optical disk drive for reading from orwriting to a removable, non-volatile optical disc such as a CD-ROM,DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In addition, memory 304can include flash memory, e.g., a flash memory stick drive or a flashdrive. Memory devices can be connected to memory bus 303 by one or moredata media interfaces. The memory 304 may include at least one programproduct having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that areconfigured to carry out the functions of various embodiments.

Although the memory bus 303 is shown in FIG. 3 as a single bus structureproviding a direct communication path among the CPUs 302, the memorysubsystem 304, and the I/O bus interface 310, the memory bus 303 may, insome embodiments, include multiple different buses or communicationpaths, which may be arranged in any of various forms, such aspoint-to-point links in hierarchical, star or web configurations,multiple hierarchical buses, parallel and redundant paths, or any otherappropriate type of configuration. Furthermore, while the I/O businterface 310 and the I/O bus 308 are shown as single respective units,the computer system 301 may, in some embodiments, contain multiple I/Obus interface units 310, multiple I/O buses 308, or both. Further, whilemultiple I/O interface units are shown, which separate the I/O bus 308from various communications paths running to the various I/O devices, inother embodiments some or all of the I/O devices may be connecteddirectly to one or more system I/O buses.

In some embodiments, the computer system 301 may be a multi-usermainframe computer system, a single-user system, or a server computer orsimilar device that has little or no direct user interface, but receivesrequests from other computer systems (clients). Further, in someembodiments, the computer system 301 may be implemented as a desktopcomputer, portable computer, laptop or notebook computer, tabletcomputer, pocket computer, telephone, smart phone, network switches orrouters, or any other appropriate type of electronic device.

It is noted that FIG. 3 is intended to depict the representative majorcomponents of an exemplary computer system 301 that implements thesurrogate process of the present disclosure. In some embodiments,however, individual components may have greater or lesser complexitythan as represented in FIG. 3 , components other than or in addition tothose shown in FIG. 3 may be present, and the number, type, andconfiguration of such components may vary.

One or more programs/utilities 328, each having at least one set ofprogram modules 330 may be stored in memory 304. The programs/utilities328 may include a hypervisor (also referred to as a virtual machinemonitor), one or more operating systems, one or more applicationprograms, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operatingsystems, one or more application programs, other program modules, andprogram data or some combination thereof, may include an implementationof a networking environment. Programs 328 and/or program modules 330generally perform the functions or methodologies of various embodiments.

It is to be understood that although this disclosure includes a detaileddescription on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recitedherein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather,embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented inconjunction with any other type of computing environment now known orlater developed.

Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computingresources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing,memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that canbe rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort orinteraction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may includeat least five characteristics, at least three service models, and atleast four deployment models.

Characteristics are as follows:

On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provisioncomputing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, asneeded automatically without requiring human interaction with theservice's provider.

Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network andaccessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneousthin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to servemultiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physicaland virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according todemand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumergenerally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of theprovided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher levelof abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).

Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elasticallyprovisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out andrapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilitiesavailable for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can bepurchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimizeresource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level ofabstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can bemonitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both theprovider and consumer of the utilized service.

Service Models are as follows:

Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure.The applications are accessible from various client devices through athin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail).The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloudinfrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage,or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exceptionof limited user-specific application configuration settings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquiredapplications created using programming languages and tools supported bythe provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, orstorage, but has control over the deployed applications and possiblyapplication hosting environment configurations.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to theconsumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and otherfundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy andrun arbitrary software, which can include operating systems andapplications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networkingcomponents (e.g., host firewalls).

Deployment Models are as follows:

Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for anorganization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party andmay exist on-premises or off-premises.

Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by severalorganizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and complianceconsiderations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third partyand may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the generalpublic or a large industry group and is owned by an organization sellingcloud services.

Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or moreclouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities butare bound together by standardized or proprietary technology thatenables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting forload-balancing between clouds).

A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus onstatelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability.At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure that includes anetwork of interconnected nodes.

The system 100 may be employed in a cloud computing environment. FIG. 4, is a diagrammatic representation of an illustrative cloud computingenvironment 450 according to one embodiment. As shown, cloud computingenvironment 450 comprises one or more cloud computing nodes 454 withwhich local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, forexample, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone 454A,desktop computer 454B, laptop computer 454C, and/or automobile computersystem 454N may communicate. Nodes 454 may communicate with one another.They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or morenetworks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds asdescribed hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloudcomputing environment 450 to offer infrastructure, platforms and/orsoftware as services for which a cloud consumer does not need tomaintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood thatthe types of computing devices 454A-N shown in FIG. 4 are intended to beillustrative only and that computing nodes 454 and cloud computingenvironment 450 may communicate with any type of computerized deviceover any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g.,using a web browser).

Referring now to FIG. 5 , a set of functional abstraction layersprovided by cloud computing environment 450 (FIG. 4 ) is shown. Itshould be understood in advance that the components, layers, andfunctions shown in FIG. 5 are intended to be illustrative only andembodiments of the disclosure are not limited thereto. As depicted, thefollowing layers and corresponding functions are provided:

Hardware and software layer 560 includes hardware and softwarecomponents. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 561;RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers 562;servers 563; blade servers 564; storage devices 565; and networks andnetworking components 566. In some embodiments, software componentsinclude network application server software 567 and database software568.

Virtualization layer 570 provides an abstraction layer from which thefollowing examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers571; virtual storage 572; virtual networks 573, including virtualprivate networks; virtual applications and operating systems 574; andvirtual clients 575.

In one example, management layer 580 may provide the functions describedbelow. Resource provisioning 581 provides dynamic procurement ofcomputing resources and other resources that are utilized to performtasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing 582provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloudcomputing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of theseresources. In one example, these resources may comprise applicationsoftware licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloudconsumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources.User portal 583 provides access to the cloud computing environment forconsumers and system administrators. Service level management 584provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such thatrequired service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planningand fulfillment 585 provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of,cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipatedin accordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 590 provides examples of functionality for which thecloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads andfunctions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping andnavigation 591; software development and lifecycle management 592;layout detection 593; data analytics processing 594; transactionprocessing 595; and database 596.

The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computerprogram product at any possible technical detail level of integration.The computer program product may include a computer readable storagemedium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereonfor causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, oreither source code or object code written in any combination of one ormore programming languages, including an object oriented programminglanguage such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programminglanguages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programminglanguages. The computer readable program instructions may executeentirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as astand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partlyon a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. Inthe latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user'scomputer through any type of network, including a local area network(LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to anexternal computer (for example, through the Internet using an InternetService Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including,for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gatearrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute thecomputer readable program instructions by utilizing state information ofthe computer readable program instructions to personalize the electroniccircuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of theorder noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present disclosurehave been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intendedto be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Manymodifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the describedembodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to explain theprinciples of the embodiments, the practical application or technicalimprovement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodimentsdisclosed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for launching parallel processescomprising: receiving a request from a parallel application to start anumber of parallel processes; creating, by the launcher, a parentprocess prior to creating a surrogate creating by a launcher thesurrogate; inheriting by the surrogate communications channels from thelauncher; executing by the surrogate activities related to launch of thenumber of parallel process prior to a fork call; launching the number ofparallel processes by the surrogate; executing the parallel processes;and terminating the surrogate.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein only aportion of the number of parallel processes are launched using thesurrogate.
 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: creating, by theparent process, a communications channel for each of the parallelprocess.
 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising: establishing, bythe parent process, systems resources for each of the parallelprocesses.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the systems resources arethose resources required prior to an execution of an exec call by eachof the parallel processes.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein launchingfurther comprises: allowing the number of parallel processes to proceedto an associated execute call; and halting an execution of theassociated execute call until all of the number of parallel processeshave reached the associated execute call.
 7. The method of claim 1wherein executing the number of parallel processes further comprises:providing, by the surrogate, the launcher through alauncher-to-surrogate communications channel an indication that thenumber of parallel processes have been started and a per processidentifier for each of the number of parallel processes.
 8. The methodof claim 1 further comprising: prior to terminating the surrogate,transferring ownership of the number of parallel processes to thelauncher.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein transferring occurs when thenumber of parallel processes execute.
 10. The method of claim 8 whereintransferring comprises: providing a launcher-to-surrogate communicationschannel; sending to the launcher through the launcher-to-surrogatecommunications channel parallel process tracking for each of the numberof parallel processes; and receiving by the surrogate from the launcherthrough the launcher-to-surrogate communications channel controloperations for the number of parallel processes.
 11. The method of claim10 wherein the control operations are operations that are not permittedby an operating system for indirectly connected processes.
 12. A systemfor launching parallel processes comprising: a parallel applicationconfigured to request a number of parallel processes; a serverconfigured to process the number of parallel processes; a launcherconfigured to create a surrogate, the launcher further configured tocoordinate with other system services, provide runtime information topeer process, make resource allocations to processes, and to create aparent process prior to the creation of the surrogate; and the surrogateconfigured to launch the number of parallel processes without furtherinvolvement of the launcher.
 13. The system of claim 12 wherein theparent process is configured create communications channels for each ofthe number of parallel processes.
 14. The system of claim 13 wherein theparent process is further configured to establish for each of the numberof parallel processes any system resources required by the number ofparallel process prior to a fork call for each of the number of parallelprocesses.
 15. The system of claim 12 further comprising: alauncher-to-surrogate communication channel created by the launcher andconfigured to allow communication between the launcher and thesurrogate.
 16. The system of claim 12 wherein the surrogate launchesonly a portion of the number of parallel processes and the launcherlaunches a remaining number of the number of processes.
 17. The systemof claim 12 wherein the surrogate is configured to reparent the numberof parallel processes to the launcher after launching the number ofparallel processes.
 18. The system of claim 17 wherein the surrogate isconfigured to terminate following reparenting.
 19. A computer-readablestorage medium having compute-executable instructions that when executedby at least one computer cause the computer to: receive a request from aparallel application to start a number of parallel processes; create bya launcher a parent process prior to creating a surrogate; create by thelauncher the surrogate; inherit by the surrogate communications channelsfrom the launcher; execute by the surrogate activities related to launchof the number of parallel process prior to a fork call; launch thenumber of parallel processes by the surrogate; execute the parallelprocesses; and terminate the surrogate.